Affirmative Action Essays (2838 words) - Discrimination,

Affirmative Action Considering the subject of affirmative action the following questions frequently are raised: Is there a clear understanding of affirmative action roles/goals? What are the pros/cons of these programs? What are the "loop holes" in the system? Does seniority play a role in affirmative action? Addressing these key questions may help us all in our daily routine, as administrators and/or potential administrator in the public/private sector. Affirmative action programs throughout the United States have long been a controversial issue particularly concerning employment practices (public/private) and university student and/or staff recruitment. Most public agencies have some type of instituted affirmative action program. According to Cheryl Perry-League, Director of Equal Opportunity of the Port of Oakland, every business operating on Port of Oakland owned land must have a standing affirmative action program on record and businesses bidding to do work for the Port of Oakland must have an acceptably diverse workforce. BACKGROUND To understand the role and/or goals of affirmative actions programs we should define what the broad definition of what affirmative action is and what caused its development. The phase "affirmative action" was used in a racial discrimination context. Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ensure job applicants and employees are treated "without regard to their race, creed, or national origin." A person could define this statement as an order to imply equal access and nothing else. Subsequently, Executive Order 11246 issued by President Johnson in September 1965, "mandated affirmative action goals for all federally funded programs and moved monitoring and enforcement of affirmative action programs out of the White House and into the Labor Department." Affirmative action "refers to various efforts to deliberately take race, sex, and national origins into account to remedy past and current effects of discrimination. Its primary goal is to ensure that women and minorities are widely represented in all occupations and at all organizational levels" (Tompkins, 1995, p.161). Another definition of affirmative action according to Barbara Bergmann is "planning and acting to end the absence of certain kinds of people-those who belong to groups that have been subordinated or left out-from certain jobs and schools" (1997 p.7). Tracing the history of affirmative action, laws against racial discrimination have proved inadequate for workplace integration because they often provide remedies only after the fact. Affirmative action requires proactive steps to provide equal opportunities in employment as well as access to education. Many affirmative action programs were born from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII references to affirmative action programs were brought about "because of the history of discrimination in the United States, certain groups are viewed as disadvantage in the current marketplace. Thus affirmative action laws impose temporary requirements to correct underutilization of these groups (e.g., goals and timetables for increasing the number of minorities and women in a facility)" (Gutman, 1993, p.9). Prior to these laws and the Title VII law, the U.S workforce was primarily dominated by white males. Although, still somewhat white male dominated, quotas that were designed through affirmative action programs have helped achieve some representation of women and minorities in the current work force. Some remedies brought about through affirmative action programs include goal setting, quotas, and timetables. GOALS AND QUOTAS The term goal "refers to specific outcomes which, when achieved, will result in equal employment opportunity and equitable representation" (Hall & Albrecht, 1979, p.47-78). Goals and hiring quotas vary somewhat in their function. Goals generally are long range plans that organizations use and there are no expected minimum or maximum limitations. Quotas by comparison, "establishes a definite number of people who must be hired. A Company cannot by law, use quotas unless it has been ordered to do so by a court to remedy a past action" (Hall & Albrecht, 1979, p.47-78). Deficiency correction is the primary target of goal setting through affirmative action. For an organization to be effective with goals, they must be realistic, attainable, and monitored by the human resource department. Affirmative action programs generally achieve their set goals through several common practices called outreach programs. First, there are special recruiting programs where women and minorities will most likely be found. These special outreach programs often target black universities and female dominated educational facilities. A second outreach program involves special advertising. Generally, this is also implemented in areas that are heavily populated by women and minorities similar to that of recruiting programs. Through outreach programs like the ones mentioned above, goals can be attained to achieve equity and representation without forgoing higher educated and skilled

Free Essays on Latter-day Saints And Racism

The 1830 publication of the â€Å"Book of Mormon† by Joseph Smith, officially established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ believe that Smith, under divine guidance, translated a set of golden plates into the Book of Mormon. This was the first of several literary works that were said to contain proper doctrine of the beliefs and views of the Mormon religion. Throughout the development of the Church, several aspects of the Mormon religion have caused many of its members to be persecuted by outside parties. During the last half of the nineteenth-century the government formed strict laws to thwart the strong beliefs of polygamy until church leaders denounced the practice. In the twentieth century the Church came under fire because of its controversial ideas considering African Americans. Ideas of Caucasian supremacy can be found throughout doctrines and scripture that exist in important Church documents. Until recently the Latter-day Saint Church had denied the priesthood, as well as several other religious practices to anyone that was of African decent. Heavy criticism from both non-Mormon and Mormon parties mounted until 1978, when then Church president Spencer Kimball announced the repeal. Several theories have been recently developed to explain the origins and reasoning of racial inferiority and the manner in which the Latter-day Saint Church treated African Americans during the last one- hundred and seventy-one years. A large portion of the Book of Mormon describes the history of several pre-Christian civilizations that existed throughout America. A group of Israelites lead by a righteous man named Nephi established a society of god loving people. Nephi’s two brothers Laman and Lemuel rose up against their brother and formed a band of dissidents that rejected Nephi’s religious ideas. The righteous people came to be called the Nephites, while the nomadic dissident... Free Essays on Latter-day Saints And Racism Free Essays on Latter-day Saints And Racism The 1830 publication of the â€Å"Book of Mormon† by Joseph Smith, officially established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ believe that Smith, under divine guidance, translated a set of golden plates into the Book of Mormon. This was the first of several literary works that were said to contain proper doctrine of the beliefs and views of the Mormon religion. Throughout the development of the Church, several aspects of the Mormon religion have caused many of its members to be persecuted by outside parties. During the last half of the nineteenth-century the government formed strict laws to thwart the strong beliefs of polygamy until church leaders denounced the practice. In the twentieth century the Church came under fire because of its controversial ideas considering African Americans. Ideas of Caucasian supremacy can be found throughout doctrines and scripture that exist in important Church documents. Until recently the Latter-day Saint Church had denied the priesthood, as well as several other religious practices to anyone that was of African decent. Heavy criticism from both non-Mormon and Mormon parties mounted until 1978, when then Church president Spencer Kimball announced the repeal. Several theories have been recently developed to explain the origins and reasoning of racial inferiority and the manner in which the Latter-day Saint Church treated African Americans during the last one- hundred and seventy-one years. A large portion of the Book of Mormon describes the history of several pre-Christian civilizations that existed throughout America. A group of Israelites lead by a righteous man named Nephi established a society of god loving people. Nephi’s two brothers Laman and Lemuel rose up against their brother and formed a band of dissidents that rejected Nephi’s religious ideas. The righteous people came to be called the Nephites, while the nomadic dissident...

War of the third Coalition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

War of the third Coalition - Research Paper Example The five articles were located using the Google search engine using key words such as â€Å"Third Coalition† and â€Å"Napoleon I.† Peer reviewed scholarly articles were excluded from the search results, along with encyclopaedia entries which were in any case usually rather superficial. The selected internet sources are briefly described in turn with an emphasis on deciding how accurate and useful they are for academic purposes. Text 1 â€Å"Napoleonic Wars† (FAMT, undated). This source is an aticle on the whole series of Napoleonic Wars which has a brief paragraph on each of the coalitions. There is no author mentioned, and no firm date, although the site does suggest that all articles have been written between 2008 and 2010. The most striking feature of the article is its breezy style, and use of imaginative and emotive language, for example â€Å"Napoleon taught the Austrians another lesson at the Battle of Ulm in 1805, but it didn’t last very longâ₠¬  (FAMT, undated, p.1) This kind of comment is not very specific, since the phrase â€Å"taught the Austrians another lesson† gives no quantitative details of troop numbers, or indication of tactics, or indeed any details at all about the apparently decisive Battle of Ulm. There are serious doubts about the objectivity of this article, and this can be seen both in the content and in the nature of the website which hosts it. The anonymous author’s conclusion is flagged as being controversial, and indeed the claim that â€Å"Anglosphere money power financed Napoleon’s remarkable career† (FAMT, undated, p.1) gives a hint that there is a hidden agenda. The author acknowledges that â€Å"this is not a popular view of Napoleon† (FAMT, undated, p.1) and hints that more research might produce evidence to support it! The website hosting the article is set up to resemble an information/news/reference site, modelled on a newspaper, as its title â€Å"The D aily Bell† suggests. Its express purpose appears to be â€Å"to promote and support the widespread advancement of laissez-faire economic principles† and this betrays a strong political and ideological bias. This site is not suitable as a secondary source for information on the Third Coalition and Napoleon but it is perhaps interesting as a primary source on the way contemporary political organisations are attempting to use the internet to re-write, or re-interpret history in order to support particular beliefs. Text 2 â€Å"The French Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars† (Hickman, undated) This source is a formal narrative giving bare facts about the events in Napoleon’s career, including the War of the Third Coalition. It gives a few key dates, and provides hyperlinks for key persons and places such as â€Å"Lord Horatio Nelson† and â€Å"Trafalgar†, along with some images of classical works of art which illustrate scenes mentioned. As a histori cal source it is accurate, but much too superficial to be of any use to serious researchers. There are no sources given, and although there are further topic headings pointing the reader to other â€Å"Ask,com† pages, it is clear that this text is nothing more than a few bare facts with no analysis or theoretical debate. It is impossible also to check whether the author has selected the most important items to list, and indeed it could be argued that the extreme summary falsifies the complexity of the events described. One positive feature of the text is that the author’

How Art Deco came to be Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Art Deco came to be - Term Paper Example It mainly affected decorative arts, such as furniture, architecture, graphic arts, pottery or jewelry, but its influence extended to other artistic fields like films or fashion. â€Å"This movement was, in a sense, a broad umbrella covering many different artistic styles and movements in the early 20th century such as Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Bauhaus, Art Nouveau, and Futurism†. As Carol Fisher says, its origins are rooted in a reaction to the flowing motifs and fussiness of Art Nouveau with its emphasis on individual craftsmen made pieces. Its strongest points were its elegance and functionality. It was mainly based in geometric forms, zigzags and curves, and it is said that it was influenced also by tribal arts from Central America or Africa. Of course, the epoch’s advances in machinery and technology also influenced Art Deco, especially in the use of new materials such as crystal, steel, aluminum, lacquer or inlaid wood. These materials were u sed to produce pieces of art with staggered motifs, streamlined forms, stylized lines, gentle clean curves and rosette patterns. Exotic motifs and patterns inspired in nature, like plants or flowers, were also typical in Art Deco’s works of art. The declination of Art Deco came when it started to be seen as extremely loud, excessive and opulent art. Art Deco was finally ended, until the 80s, when there was an interest for it coming from graphic designers. Some colonial countries like Philippines continued using Art Deco until 1960. (Pheebay.com, "So What is Art Deco Design", October 2008. http://www.pheebay.com). Streamline Moderne was the artistic movement which followed Art Deco as a consequence of the Great Depression of 1929, based in the principles of aerodynamics and the simplicity of lines, ideas that were more in agreement with the sobriety of that period. Some splendid examples of Art Deco buildings could be the spire of the Chrysler Building or the Rockefeller Center in New York, the Bacardi Building in La Havana, the Goinia Theatre in Brazil, the BBC Broadcasting House in London, Palais de Tokyo in Paris or the Sta. Cecilia's Hall in Manila. Also, magnificent examples can be found in

Juvenile Recidivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Juvenile Recidivism - Essay Example The designing of effective assessment strategies leading to interventions with the young offenders are no doubt, predominantly dependant on the identification of causal factors that constitute the basis of a realistic prediction (Savitz et al., 1962). Adolescence is a phase of life when the young people are more prone to engaging in antisocial behavior. Practice of antisocial behavior during adolescence is the single most important factor in the prediction of criminal behavior in the adulthood. A plethora of research carried on till now has suggested that almost a half or more of juvenile offenders continue with the criminal behavior beyond their teens. Juvenile recidivism is a serious problem in the United States. On an annual basis, roughly 2.4 million juveniles are charged with criminal offences every year (Wilson, 2011: Online). As per some conservative estimates, roughly 55 percent or more of juvenile offenders who are released get rearrested within a year (Wilson, 2011: Online). In case of urban areas, the rate of juvenile recidivism is estimated to be as high as 76 percent (Wilson, 2011: Online). At a national level, it is utterly difficult to acquire the accurate recidivism rates. This is because in the US, the recidivism rates in case of juvenile offenders are assessed at a state or county level (Wilson, 2011: Online). Hence, the statistics specific to the particular states is in a way a realistic indicator of the levels of juvenile recidivism. In the year 2005, the rate of juvenile recidivism in the State of Washington, in case of boys stood at 77 percent and in the case of girls it stood at 72 percent (Wilson, 2011: Onli ne). In the State of California, the percentage of juvenile delinquents who got rearrested within a year was 74 (Wilson, 2011: Online). In Manhattan, the rate of juvenile recidivism rested at roughly 80 percent (Wilson, 2011: Online). Many

Gender inequalities in employment

Gender inequalities in employment Introduction In this essay I shall discuss the progress of the European Unions attempt to dismantle gender inequality in employment. In addition to this, I shall examine current EU legislation, policy issues, social and economic challenges faced by both men and women. Finally, I shall then comment on EU solutions and further developments that can help alleviate the gap in inequalities in employment. The European Union is also referred to as the European Economic Community (EEC) it is a union consisting of 27 member states; the EU was created by theTreaty of Maastrichton 1st November 1993 upon the foundations of theEuropean Economic Community (cited in Wikipedia) this union is merged together to improve the economical, political and social cohesion amongst people who reside in these countries. After the 2nd World War, many women were required to fulfil the spaces of men, who had lost their lives in battle or were unable to work and thus there was a gap in the labour force. Women were therefore recruited and thus introduced in to employment to strengthen and maintain the fragile economy at the time. However, on contrary to popular belief women continued to work even after the economic situation improved, the Suffragettes movement was extremely notable in women fighting for recognition. From the beginning women were treated unfairly in regards to poor pay, however some were happy to have some economic independence from men and thus accepted demeaning jobs. (Cited in Euro culture master) Cockburn (1991) comments that the relationship between capitalism and labour is shared between bosses and men, and thus neglects the gender relationships of work and home. Much of the theory regarding women and employment is largely based on patriarchal theories. Duncombe and Marsden (1995) argue that women are subjected to triple shifts this involves paid labour, domestic labour and emotional labour. The emotional labour refers to the care and attentiveness of the family unit, i.e. the social role of the woman being a wife and a mother towards the children and husband. Due to such challenges the notion of protective legislation was introduced. (Cited in Sociology: An interactive approach p189) Much treaties and directive were introduced in to some EU countries in attempt to dismantle gender inequality. The EEC established the principle of fair pay for men and women in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. However this was extremely complicated to practice in all members of states. This was simply due to the notion of equal pay for equal work but it was very rare that both sexes performed the same type of work. It was also noted that typically male jobs were much better paid then female jobs. Hence, it was apparent that the socially existing norm of male power was more important than female qualities. In 1975 the EU introduced directives to further empower women in the field of employment; the council directive of 75/117/EEC further supported the treaty of Rome on equal pay. Since 1975 there have been many key directives in aiding womens role in employment, some of the directives have focused on equal treatment of women in regards of promotion, social security, during pregnancy, and sex discrimination. (Cited in Women Lobby) During the 1990s the EU began to realize the significance of gender equality and how it impacted the employment sector. In 1997 the EU introduced the European Employment Strategy (EES) which recognized equal opportunities amongst men and women. The treaty of Amsterdam was also introduced in 1997 this treaty was combination of past directives and further introduced positive action to combat equal pay and discrimination amongst men and women in employment. (Cited in Union History).However, there were criticisms of these policies which only ensured that more women were in work and did not focus on the quality of the jobs they were in. This view is further supported in the following quotation: In practice, more attention has been paid to raising the female employment rate than to generating the better jobs for women that are essential for narrowing the gender pay gap (in Union History) Sadly the EU has failed to fully implement gender equality in employment, since it still persists despite the introduction of the above directives and treaties. The EU has therefore proposed six key objectives within the Road map for gender equality (2006-2010). These include equal economic independence for men and women, reconciliation of private and professional life, equal representation in decision making; the eradication of all forms of gender based violence, the elimination of gender based stereotypes, and finally the promotion of gender equality in external and development policies. (cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2006) The inequality of gender gaps is the first key objective of fulfilling EU goals in employment and social cohesion. The demand for increased participation of women in the labour market provides a marked contribution to economic development and in turn economic independence for women. According to the above article, women still face more risk of poverty due to being over represented in the secondary labour market. According to Barren and Norris (1976) women are employed in unstable employment that is based on short term contracts, lower pay and entail unskilled work with fewer prospects , they are therefore more likely to be made redundant and thus suffer from a decline in the labour market. (in Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p192).In Addition Bruegal (1976) comments from a Marxist feminist perspective, states that such workers are used to keep costs at minimum by replacing more highly skilled and demanding workers i.e. men. (Cited Jorgensen et al,1997 pg p129) Women are therefore literally restricted in their opportunities to work further due to their domestic and emotional responsibility. In addition, women entrepreneurs are faced with more difficulties then male counterparts in building up their own business, in attempt to dismantle the structural inequalities and discrimination the EU has recommended the Entrepreneurship Action Plan to help support women in developing such projects. Women who also belong to ethnic minority groups suffer from twice as much discrimination and challenges, in order to fight such multiple discrimination the EU has proposed the Framework for the Integration of Third Country Nationals. This framework provides the promotion of migration and integration policies in order to guarantee womens rights and civil participation. In doing so, women from all backgrounds, can use their full economic potential and have the equal opportunity to education and prosperity. (Cited in Commission of the European Communities Repor t 2006) The second key objective of the EU is of the reconciliation of private and professional life for both men and women. According to the (Commission of the European Communities Report 2007) women face more challenges than men when it comes to handling work and private life, consequently this affects their career choices. Statistics suggest that more women than men work on part time basis and thus take more career breaks than men, which clearly has a harmful impact on their careers. Also, women are more subjected than men, to take on domestic and emotional labour in addition to taking parental leave and looking after children and other dependent family members. The 2007 EU Commission report concludes that due to the lack of accessible and affordable childcare, women face more inequality in employment. The overall result of this is that women are placed in unstable jobs with lower pay, which makes them more vulnerable to the larger risk of poverty. The matter is made worse for single pare nt families who have dependents. On the other hand, according to the Lisbon treaty, womens employment in the EU is close to meeting its goal of 60% by 2010.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg5) However, it is clear that a lot more needs to be done to accomplish satisfactory levels of childcare provisions (according to the Barcelona objectives) in order for both parents to combine work and private life. The European Union has also reflected further funding targeted at improving equal opportunities, for instance the European Social Fund(ESF) which caters for women projects in regards to vocational training in alliance with the NOW community Initiative.(cited in europrofem)The EU has also established initiatives in 2008 to support better work life balance by making amendments to directive 92/85/EEC on maternity protection. The changes introduce changing the minimum maternity leave from 14 to 18weeks without the loss of earning.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 6 ) Furthermore, this idea has also been developed in regards to family related leave in regards to family policies and work life reconciliation issues for men. For instance, legislation on improved leave arrangements for fathers is already incorporated in countries such as Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lithuania and Spain. The third EU key objective in the roadmap proposes the need for the equal representation of women in decision making posts. The unequal division of domestic labour and caring responsibilities has clearly been a barrier in the advancement of women in employment, there has therefore been a need to amend and create policies to encourage womens participation in the labour market. The Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 noted that women predominated jobs were undervalued in comparison to male counterparts. Findings suggested that such jobs had lower rates of pay. For instance almost 40% of women were employed in the health, education and public administration sector in comparison to only 20% of men.(pg 3). In defence of this argument, men also face discrimination in accessing non traditional employment. For instance the notion of a male carer or nurse is seen with disgusts or caution due to gender stereotypes formed by society according to Acker (1989) (cited in Theory and Practice of nursing: an integrated approach to caring practices By Lynn Basford, Oliver Slevin). This suggested a segregation of the labour market which was being reinforced by traditional and social stereotypes which further influenced people in to gender roles. The EU has since implemented a: ..network to promote women in economic and political decision-making positions which was launched in 2008 to provide a platform for exchange of good practices between existing networks at EU level (Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 6) In attempt to dismantle the inequality of gender in employment the fourth EU key objective is in regards to the eradication of gender based violence. The EU has established the Daphne programme which supports women and children who have suffered as a result of domestic abuse.(cited in europrofem) The commission has also encouraged the criminalisation of trafficking women and children through exploitation. The EU proposes under new directives to reintegrate such vulnerable groups in to the labour market. It also proposes the support of member states to encourage awareness raising campaigns, support networks both for the perpetrators of violence and the victims of abuse. The fifth EU key objective as described in the roadmap is the notion of gender based stereotypes. At present there is still a major problem in regards to inequality in employment. The EUC has identified a gender pay gap has one of the major concern for the European commission according to The Road Map for Gender Equality 2006-2010. In order to improve the present dilemma, there have been many legislative and non legislative developments to combat the challenges of discrimination and encourage gender equality in employment. Furthermore, despite the previously mentioned interventions above, there still persists a major gender pay gap which reflects on the overall factors of inequalities and thus discrimination in employment. On average women were earning on average 15% less than men in the European Union in 2005. (Cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007, pg 2) It was found that the gender pay gap still exists due to direct and indirect discrimination factors. It can also be attributed to social and economic factors. In regards to dismantling gender stereotypes the EU recommend gender mainstreaming and encourage ESF, ICT programmes in education and culture programmes in schools through media tools. In regards to the sixth and final key objective illustrated in the roadmap for equality in employment, the EU has proposed the development and amendment of policies extending to external neighbouring countries. The EU adheres to recognised values of the Millennium Development Declaration and the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA). The recent EU strategy for Africa is also committed to encouraging gender equality in external countries. The EU commits to promoting the need for education and freedom of opportunity and health and safety. Above all, it welcomes the participation of all women in the sphere of economic and political life in decision making. Four priority areas have been identified by the Commission these include, that pre-existing legal framework is fully applied and utilised whilst identifying areas for improvement. The active participation of all parties is also to be promoted in all Members of State. In addition to this, the European Strategy for Growth and Jobs should be applied in full to all employers. Above all the notion of good practice at all levels is to be stressed to overcome traditional stereotypes and discriminatory practices. The European Pact for Gender Equality 2006 stresses the importance of the commitments of the Member of states to take critical action in this area. Furthermore, several members of states have reunited to take prominent action regarding the labour market, education, training, and the balance of work and private life. Unfortunately there has been little progress in regards to commitments from the other member of states to take action addressing this issue according to the Commissions annual report on growth and jobs 2006.( cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg 8) In defence of the above the Commission in 2007 vowed to improve the quality of statistics used in regards to the gender pay gap, in addition they have also promised to encourage all member of states to set key targets and limits for reducing the pay gap between man and women on the basis of data and findings gathered by the annual reports issued. The Commission is also in progress of setting up action programmes on equal opportunities for its own staff, it is apparent that within public administration there is a major pay gap which is directly influenced by the presence of occupational segregation and the small presence of women in decision making posts. Despite the overwhelming evidence that an increased amount of women are becoming more highly qualified, there is still a persistent fact they are still outnumbered by men in higher positions of hierarchy and importance, both in politics and business.(cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2009,pg 5) According to the European Alliance on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) the notion of equality also poses as a competitive advantage as it utilises the staffs full productive potential. It encourages incentives to support good practice to tackle the inequalities in the pay. Currently the Commission already promotes good practice by raising awareness through the PROGRESS programme. (cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg 9) In addition to the above, the Commission also proposes to introduce gender equality policies, to eradicate structural inequalities within the workplace in regards to improving the profile of occupations which are paid less. For instance, the Framework of actions on gender equality 2007, proposes awareness-raising and training measures in addition to the growth of wage comparison tools and strategies to decrease the pay gap. (cited in Commission of the European Communities Report 2007,pg10) Conclusion To conclude this assignment the notion of equality is integral to the values of the European Union. Despite the European Union making significant progress over time, in regards to developing directives, treaties and legislation. In addition to, the EU has reinforced gender mainstreaming via training and capacity building for those involved in policy making. Statistics indicate that gender inequality still persists in employment. The European Union have a long way in fulfilling key targets in dismantling gender inequality. In my personal opinion the EU key objectives need to be more transparent to the public in terms of setting realistic targets to strengthen gender mainstreaming across all member states in order to achieve change. References: Commission of the European Communities Report 2006 Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions(2006), A Roadmap for equality between women and men 2006-2010,Brussels,(Online) Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0092:FIN:EN:PDF (Accessed 20/11/2009) Commission of the European Communities Report 2007 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions(2007). Tackling the pay gap between women and men, Brussels,(Online) http://www.retepariopportunita.it/Rete_Pari_Opportunita/UserFiles/news/com_pay_gap_.pdf (Accessed 21/11/2009) Commission of the European Communities Report 2009 Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Brussels,(2009) Equality between women and men-2009 Brussels,(Online) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0077:FIN:EN:PDF (Accessed 21/11/2009) European Union http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union (Accessed 10/11/2009) Euro culture master http://www.euroculturemaster.org/pdf/kunstova.pdf (Accessed 12/11/2009) Europrofem http://www.europrofem.org/contri/2_04_en/en-gend/08en_gen.htm (accessed 23/11/2009) Jorgensen,N.,Bird,J.,Heyhoe,A.,Russell,B.,Savvas,M.,(1997).Sociology:An Interactive Approach,Collins Educational Union History http://www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/roaddisplay.php?irn=785 (Accessed 15/11/2009) Women Lobby http://www.womenlobby.org/site/1abstract.asp?DocID=184v1ID=RevID=namePage=pageParent=DocID_sousmenu (Accessyoutubeed 14/11/2009) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WCSunMx7EJ8Cpg=RA1-PA392lpg=RA1-PA392dq=theory-male+nurses+gender+equalitysource=blots=Bqru6biKWysig=PY0uthcQiq3VFmaaivgF6YEpLPQhl=enei=wnsdS46lJJeZjAfU_f2PBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=f=false

My Examination as a Writer Essay -- Essays Papers

My Examination as a Writer The process of examining me as a writer is not easy. Writing, for me, has never been an easy task. Many times I sat for hours contemplating my blank piece of paper just trying to figure out how to begin to write the creative writing assignment due in a few days for my high school English class. I knew that learning to write well took patience and practice, much like learning any other skill. I remember the long hard hours I spent developing my skills as a skateboarder. I knew that I had to find the same attitude to develop my writing skills. I knew also that I wanted to continue my education and pursue a law degree. Definitely my writing skills had to be developed. This September I found myself no longer as a high school student. I am now a college freshman in the University of Dayton. As a high school student in Puerto Rico, I competed with other Puerto Rican students who also had English as a second language. Now I panicked because I am submerged in a totally English-speaking environment. I was not sure that my ideas could su...

Experience and Perception of Space

Prior cognition can hold an grounding consequence on our perceptual experience about a infinite. Our behavioural response inside a infinite is a decision and a contemplation of our anterior judgement of the infinite. Human encephalon along with seven other senses that include eyes, nose, ears, lingua, skeleton and musculus identify and interpret information and semen to a decision, which is normally known as perceptual experience. This procedure differs from single to single. This can take to different perceptual experience about the same infinite by different persons as they assign different significances to what they perceive. In order to deduce to a percept one needs to undergo the procedure of self-contemplation. This procedure of self-contemplation has been described as observation and contemplation of one’s ain witting ideas and scruples, that involves acquiring familiar with a infinite by deriving practical apprehension of the topic. Hence it becomes really of import to non acquire affected by a 3rd individuals percept but instead follow and rely on one’s ain experience. What a interior decorator or an designer is seeking to convey about the infinite should be brought to each person through his or her ain experience. This essay will be foregrounding that as a user of the infinite one doesn’t demand to hold a anterior cognition before sing it. It will be ideal for the user to deduce to a percept after sing the infinite through interaction of the senses and apprehension of the surrounding in world.The experience can be valuable if a individual does non hold a perceptual experience so that each individual has an single experience, which is non, influenced by person else’s perceptual experience. The subject will be discussed through instance surveies and relevant theories. Finnish designer, Juhani Pallasmaa said, â€Å"A work of art is a world merely when it is experienced, and sing a work of art means animating its dimension of feeling† ( Pallasmaa, 2005 ) . This quotation mark was said in context to explicating the importance of sing a infinite in order to associate to its world. When the user of the infinite personally undergoes its encompassing field he or she is able appreciate the infinite and besides at the same clip actively take portion in activities taking them to link with it in world. At times, experience can be really slippery and debatable. We might experience â€Å" confused, unsure, incoherent, unable to move when we are unable to organize anterior cognition and anterior wont to get by with the exigencies of the minute. â€Å" ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 67 ) Jeremy Roschelle references that pedagogues frequently aim at making experiences that engage pupils in actively bring forthing a sense of understanding the construct and tho ughts for themselves. They frequently inherit the feeling that it is indispensable for pupils to obtain anterior cognition to absorb new constructs. But harmonizing to the research, anterior cognition is characterized as opposing with the learning process, which frequently misguides pupils to unconventional interlingual rendition of constructs and therefore attempts to stamp down, destruct, or replace its influence. In drumhead, in order for new cognition to take the place of the anterior cognition, anterior cognition should must be confronted, challenged, destroyed or erased. ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 38 ) . As a consequence of anterior cognition and perceptual experiences organic structure tends to be thrown into a structured state of affairs where the game is already laid. Meaning where persons have to play harmonizing to the regulations established already. Hence, research workers have described prior cognition as â€Å"presumptions† â€Å"Alternative constructs, † â€Å"naive conceptions† and â€Å"misconceptions† ( Russell 1959 ) . Interior designers of synergistic experiences ought to be sensitive to the diverse position that will be brought by persons during their first manus experience. For illustration, museums and exhibitions are decently situated as finishs for conceptual alteration. They offer visitant with freedom and chances to interact with infinite and objects straight. Attending to the jobs that occur in an experiential exchange, from the position of the scholar and leting infinite and clip for enquiry to originate should be the cardinal concern of the interior decorator. Another concern should be focused on supplying tools that facilitate enquiry to be utile and effectual. Inquiry appears non in the caput, nevertheless in immediate interaction with the universe. Meaning that the act of enquiry appears when the person is invariably seeking cognition and information by oppugning the infinite. To win, scholars need to exemplify, look into ideas and phenomena in order to accomplish successful analysis of penchants by experimentation. Try to ease one person ‘s perceptual experience about a infinite with another can frequently bit by bit stop up traveling curious ideas of different single towards a typical land. Further more different perceptual experiences can stop up re-portraying, re-situating, and reconstructing the whole first manus experience of the visitant in entirety. In drumhead the pedagogues must seek for cases in which anterior information becomes slippery and debatable, and purpose to bring forth three conditions viz. : clip, devices and conversations that facilitate enquiry to come on successfully. First, interior decorators must look out to polish former cognition, and non force scholars understanding with their ain. Secondly interior decorators must anticipate a long term larning methodological analysis, of which the short-run experience will play an of import portion. Interior designers must remember that larning relies on upon societal association ; treatme nts shape the construction and substance of the thoughts that scholars develop. Prior cognition can be as mere informations but the remainder must arise from seeing, gestating, sing and prosecuting. Learning of things, which are described as information by familiarity, is fundamentally more straightforward than any information of truths. The word familiarity here is described as the cognition by experience of something. Hence we should state that holding known something through experience is independent of any intervention or any cognition gained by description. Hence familiarising with things while seeing and touching them aid in larning and knowing of the truth. â€Å" No description in the literature can to the full convey the character and fundamental law of a learners’ anterior cognition † ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 88 ) . Disagring to this statement in my position the lone disadvantage of cognition by description is that rather a spot of our penetration is left dubious and the cognition remains perplexing until understood decently. This leads to an influenced perceptual experience without really being physically acquainted with the infinite. â€Å"The cardina l rule in the analysis of propositions incorporating descriptions is this: Every proposition which we can understand must be composed entirely of components with which we are acquainted.† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) While adverting several guidelines for construing anterior cognition, Jeremy Roschelle said â€Å"be wary of sing anterior cognition as an enemy fortresses that is incorrect, alternate, or theoretical in character, and alternatively see prior cognition as a disorganised aggregation of edifice blocks† ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 88 ) . Agring to this statement in my position prior cognition can be helter-skelter and confounding which is non characterized by practical judgement and logical thinking. Rather it is theoretical in nature that can be inclusive of an already influenced perceptual experience. Therefore doing the user of the infinite derive to a perceptual experience even before an person is confronted with a infinite in reality.In the book â€Å"How Learni ng Works† ( Ambrose, 2010 ) , it is mentioned that in order to construct complex and powerful learning constructions increasingly, an person may stop up hammering connexions between antecedently gained cognition and new information. It is possible that persons may non pull applicable or relevant connexions with the anterior cognition instantly. In this event where they do non pull upon applicable connexions with former information and basically if that information is still concealed or hidden, it may non promote the integrating and combination of new cognition. Ansel Adams comments that, any person should non hold the privilege to pull off what other single ought to see, do or bring forth. To assemble trust in the inventive psyche of an person, every person must be urged to bring out his or her penetrations and feelings. Furthermore, Husserl brings up that the connexion between the object of information and the subjective presentation of cognizing must be explored and clarii ¬?ed in the event that we wish to carry through a more important comprehension of the possibility of cognition. In drumhead no single user should find what the other user must detect. Rather the connexions must be drawn after researching and sing the infinite as it unfolds in its milieus. Next, the thing that involvements different persons is frequently described to them and is merely known to be echt. However it is non valid as they do non hold any familiarity with it and are besides non familiarized with the suggestion themselves. These lines are mentioning towards the cognition by description which is directed towards any phrase â€Å"in the signifier of â€Å"a so and so† or â€Å"the so and so†Ã¢â‚¬  ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) Harmonizing to author, this signifier of a phrase should be called an equivocal phrase which is does non hold one obvious significance and is unfastened to more than one reading. The dominant factor of cognition by description is that it makes it possible for the user to go through beyond the bounds of their personal experience. In malice of the fact that user can merely cognize truths, which are wholly composed of footings which they have experienced in world, user can yet hold a anterior cognition by description of infinite which is ne'er experienced before. But â€Å"In position of the really narrow scope of our immediate experience, this consequence is critical, and until it is understood, much of our cognition must stay cryptic and hence doubtful.† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) In sum-up, for an equivocal or dubious description to turn into a logical description characterized by sound logical thinking, it is necessary for the user of the infinite to edify his or her vision images into spacial experience by traveling in and out of infinites. For repairing a users behavior inside a infinite, spacial elements like shadows, visible radiation, distance and he ight drama a cardinal function. In order to hold an gratifying experience the user must be free of any anterior description that may move an obstructor in the spacial experience of the user. It is believed that there are assorted issues associated with equivocal descriptions. To get down with, it seems that, â€Å"when we make a statement about something merely known by description, we frequently intend to do our statement, non in the signifier affecting the description, but about the existent thing described† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) . In these lines the writer is merely seeking conveying up that, someway, it must be imaginable to run into these ailments, but it is invalid to organize a judgement or enchant a guess without groking it mentally and go throughing a judgement full of premises about it. In decision, this essay has references that how forging person else perceptual experience can destroy the first manus experience of the user of the infinite. Facts or sentiments drilled inside the head of the user by some other single can take to perceptual experience can consequence the experience and may non promote and welcome new cognition to come in. Another point the essay has discussed is that anterior cognition can be as mere informations but the remainder must arise from seeing, gestating, sing and prosecuting. Hence, cognition would be extremely good in organizing an apprehension that is better suited and good topographic points in forepart of the user of a infinite through proper logical thinking and logics. It becomes necessary to put definitions for footings such as cognizing perceiving, believing etc. Prior cognition remains dubious until and unless it is characterized by the procedure of human observation and acquisition. Last, it must remember that larning relies on u pon societal association, interaction and experience within a infinite. Discussions shape the construction and substance of the thoughts that a user develops. Appreciating the infinite by fluxing in and out of infinites accelerates and give rise to a perceptual experience that is non formed or shaped by a different individuals perceptual experience. These points have demonstrated that a user of a infinite doesn’t needfully have anterior cognition before sing a infinite.

Adoption1 essays

Adoption1 essays Adoption is an alternative way to have a family; it is a lifetime decision that should be made very cautiously. Adoption is a process where parents are supplied for children whose biological parents are deceased, or for those children whose biological parents are unable or unwilling to provide for their care. Adoption creates a parent-child relationship recognized for all purposes including: child support obligations, inheritance rights and custody(Aigner p 10). The children are provided for childless couples or individuals interested in becoming parents. According to Dr. Ruth Mc. Roy at the UT School of Social work, there are approximately 5,000,000 US births each year. Out of that approximation 118,000 are adoptions. Adoption is traced back to the bible. It is known that the Pharaohs wife adopted Moses, and Jesus was even adopted by Joseph. Adoption even goes as far back as the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and even the Babylonians. There were guidelines for adoption written in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the oldest set of written laws, and the practice of adoption Gradually became the institution of adoption, as the legal guidelines evolved through the Holy Roman Empire, the kingdoms of Europe and Asia, and finally, the United States and the Americas. It is recorded that Judaism and Christianity was founded on the idea of open adoption. Before 1850, there were no laws governing adoption. Kids would just be given away without any questions; it was economically motivated because of the circumstances that existed. People living in the city would give up their kids because they couldnt afford to take care of their children. Farmers loved to receive them because they were able to make them help out on the farm. In 1850 adoption became legally recognized in the United States. The government began making minimal standards for adoption, hoping that the old way of adoption wou...

Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Essays

Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Essays Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Paper Macbeth Act 1, Scene 5, Act 1, Scene 7 and Act 5, Scene 1 Paper and this is important because at the beginning of the play, Macbeth was the stronger one hail brave friend. Macbeth doesnt like the idea that he has to turn evil to become king because he realizes that there are serious downsides to the murder. Lady Macbeth uses her power over Macbeth to terrorize him into committing the murder and this once again makes Macbeth feel more and more weak. In Act 1 scene 7, there are two parts, the first one is Macbeths soliloquy, and the second is the conversation between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the soliloquy, Macbeth is very negative and sees the act of becoming king in all its glory. He realises that there is a big disadvantage in following what the witches have told him but only vaulting ambition, which oer leaps itself and falls on th other. In the dialogue, Lady Macbeth is bullying him into committing the murder and because at this point Lady Macbeth is the more powerful of the two, she persuades him to kill the king. There is a change in Macbeths decision in both the soliloquy and the dialogue, the change in the soliloquy is when Macbeth says first as his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then as his host, who against his murderer shut the door not to bear the knife myself because he was going to commit the murder, and now he realizes that killing the king is not right. The change in the dialogue is when Macbeth says, bring forth men children only this is important because just before hand he had persuaded himself not to commit the murder and now he is going to go through with it. It is also important because Lady Macbeth wanted to have a part in the murder but Macbeth says that only men should do what he is about to do. Different people can understand the language in Macbeth in many different ways. Actors, who have to work out how they are going to play their part, need to know when to stress certain words and what they need to be doing. Shakespeare writes in old English and therefore actors in the present day, need to decide how they want their part to be understood by the audience. In the dialogue, Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth if we should fail? and then she says back to him we fail? because different copies of the story are rewritten by different people, the we fail? said by Lady Macbeth can be found written with an exclamation mark at the end of it. The whole of this scene is about regicide and that Macbeth has a lot of pride which means that, even if he knows athat it will be a failure in the future, he is powerless to do anything about it at present b ecause he wants the throne, as he has been told he will get the throne and cant wait for it to come to him. Macbeth knows that he wont be able to keep the fact that hes the murderer a secret for ever, and he tells us this in his soliloquy, but Lady Macbeth in her own wicked way bullies Macbeth into murdering the king. Macbeth is powerless against Lady Macbeth and she uses this to her advantage because anything she says, Macbeth will do. She tells Macbeth that he will come out of this successfully but screw your courage to the sticking-place and well not fail. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeths character has transformed. She sleepwalks, and is haunted by the horror of what she and her husband have carried out. A doctor has been called because of her worrying behaviour. She repeatedly tries to clean her hands, as her gentlewoman tells us, and mumbles about the murders, which seem to torture her with guilt. She thinks her hands are still covered with the blood of Duncan, and yet all her attempts to clean them do not remove the blood; Out, damned spot! Out, I say! Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? All her pleas in Act 1 Scene 5 to the evil spirits havent prevented her from feeling remorse. Her doubts about herself seem to have been justified she has been driven mad by the subsequent events. Again, she makes comments similar to those of Macbeth about the blood on her hands, saying; Heres the smell of blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand, Macbeth says; Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. Clearly, the guilt felt for Duncans murder, represented by his blood, stays with Lady Macbeth and her husband for the duration of the play, and hangs heavily on their minds. On three occasions during Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth mentions, in her agitated state, all the murders that Macbeth has carried out. I have already mentioned the comment about Duncans murder (the old man). When remembering the murder of Macduffs family, Lady Macbeth says; The Thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now? She also seems to be petrified that Banquo will rise from the dead to haunt her, and to comfort herself says; Banquos buried; he cannot come out on s grave. Lady Macbeth is evidently plagued by all the murders. When Macbeth says earlier in the play; Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep the innocent sleep. (Act 2 Scene 2), he accurately describes the desperate state of Lady Macbeth in Act 5 Scene 1. Her sleep is not innocent, but simply a time for her brain to re-live the awful events which have passed. Her authentic fear in this scene is a contrast to the anticipation evident in Act 1 Scene 5, where she is willing herself on. Now, she honestly regrets the murders, but knows Whats done cannot be undone. Her true feelings about the murders are revealed and there is no longer a masking of her conscience, as she wanted before. She now has an understanding of the real meanings of good and evil, and feels much guilt. In Act 5 Scene 1, blood is referred to as an evil, horrid liquid, which clings as a constant reminder of murder and death; Heres the smell of blood still. This is unlike in Act 1 Scene 5, where blood is viewed by Lady Macbeth as a driving force behind her and her husbands success; make thick my blood. (Act 1 Scene 5). Perhaps this shift in Lady Macbeths opinion of blood shows how she now realises the true horror of murder, whereas before she had no first-hand experience of it, and therefore mistakenly judged the act lightly. She thought she could cope with the situation, but even with the aid of the supernatural, it is clear that she could not. Before, in Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth appealed to darkness to mask the murder from her conscience, like a comforter and protector. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth regards darkness as frightening, not as comforting; Hell is murky! This is yet another example of Lady Macbeth being hounded by her guilt; she realises that she is doomed to reside in hell after her death, and darkness is something that reminds her of this terrible fate. The tone of Lady Macbeths speech in Act 5 Scene 1 is completely different to that of Act 1 Scene 5. She mumbles, falling over her words, as if speaking before she has thought. She bears all, and does not worry, or even notice, that the doctor and gentlewoman are there. This is very different to Act 1 Scene 5, where her words are carefully structured and deliberate. The speech of Act 5 Scene 1 has no purpose, whereas in Act 1 Scene 5 it was demanding and insistent. Shakespeare cleverly changes his use of verse form into that of prose for Lady Macbeth, as if she was an inferior part in the play. This use of prose shows the audience she is rambling, illogical and mad now. Her words in Act 5 Scene 1 flow as in a train of thought, and phrases are repeated many times, to emphasise her madness; Come, come, come, come, give me your hand. Sentences are left unfinished and often make no sense; One; two: why, then tis time to do t. The doctor makes a very appropriate comment at the end of this scene; Unnatural deeds do breed unnatural troubles; infected minds to their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. More needs she the divine than physician. In other words, Lady Macbeths invocation of the supernatural (unnatural) spirits, and her husbands evil actions, have caused her to go mad (infected minds). The doctor admits he cannot help. At the beginning, Lady Macbeth finds strength from the supernatural to entice Macbeth to murder Duncan and to go through with the murder herself. As time advances though, her pretended strength diminishes as she fights the torments of her conscience. Lady Macbeths attempts to suppress her conscience fail, and blame engulfs and destabilizes her. In the end, she chooses death because she can no longer bear the torments of her guilt. The dramatic transformation of such a pivotal character adds suspense to the play, and also delivers a moral message to the audience (which included King James I, who had a personal interest in witchcraft); that the pursuit of witchcraft, murder and evildoing can only lead to downfall. It also reveals a slightly different view of the fiend-like queen, showing us that she feels remorse, and is defenceless to it, like any other person. In the 16th century the audience was not like it is today. People in general believed in witches. It was thought that they were a real presence. Magic was a common subject and quite normal. However, witches were also thought to be evil and were therefore killed. An example of this was The Witch Trials where James I executed hundreds of young women because they were thought to be witches. However, in the 21st century, there is a completely different concept of witches. Magic is no longer believed in. therefore, witches are now an aspect of fiction. Any outside influence that cannot be explained is not said to be magic or luck, it is explained to us by psychiatrists to be some kind of phenomena of the human mind. This means basically that it is of our own imaginations. In conclusion, the ways that the scenes would be presented to an Elizabethan audience are very realistic and scary. By scary, I mean that as the Elizabethans believed in witches, they feared them. So, when I present the witches and their familiars, it would be scary to this audience. However, this varies greatly from the way in which I would present the scenes to a contemporary audience. This being that everything is presented on a sub-conscious level. This is more acceptable to the society of today. Anything that is not quickly explained away is a threat to the stability of our society. If a seemingly abnormal occurrence cannot be explained as some kind of experience, people begin to feel at risk and scared. This feeling of insecurity has always been covered up through the different eras by different beliefs and commonly accepted ideas. If there were not a solid belief, we would be thrown into chaos and confusion. Everyone would question everything and life would become very frantic. Just as it does in the final scenes of Macbeth-when he dies.

Americas post civil was growing pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Americas post civil was growing pains - Essay Example But during this period, a lot of people who entered America suffered a lot of pain because of discrimination. The treatment of whites and blacks were different, and it took a long time before everything in immigration was smoothed out. Two questions loom on this topic: Could events have been different if President Lincoln had not been assassinated, and how industrialization affected the lives of the American citizens during this period. To the first question: Could events in the Reconstruction period have been different if President Lincoln had not been assassinated. Yes, I believe it would have been because he had a lenient plan of transformation. The period of 1865–77 was called the Reconstruction Period in the U.S. history because it was a time when the federal government reinstated the states that had seceded during the war. It was a time when President Lincoln had to face many political and social issues such as â€Å"how to deal with the states when they were reunited, how to deal with the freed slaves, and how should Southern whites be treated† (Kelly, n.d.). If President Lincoln had it his way and if he had not been assassinated, he would have had lenient proposals for the seceded states. First, he wanted to consider those states that seceded on or at the outbreak of war as if they had not seceded. He wanted to grant pardon to southerners who participated in the war if they pledged allegiance to the United States. Second, President Lincoln would allow readmission of the state if it formed a government that would guarantee freedom of slaves, and if 10% of white voters in that state took an oath of allegiance to the US (Kelly, n.d.). His political opponents did not agree with this and after his death, made the reintegration difficult. To the second question: How industrialization and urbanization affected the life of the average working American during the period. It was significantly affected in many ways: economically, socially and cultura lly. The industrialization that started in early 1800s continued to grow steadily amidst the Civil War, although the American industry at that time was described to be typically small. However, after the war, when reforms were introduced, industrialization grew more tremendously as machines replaced hand labor, railroad network allowed marketing and distribution of goods in many areas, and inventions made work processes easier. Machines produced a greater number of goods, gave jobs to more people, and created specialization and labor division. As industrialization grew, the life of the average American was affected. Since businesses were situated in cities, people began to flock the cities in droves to look for work. The availability of jobs in cities attracted people from the farms to the cities. This situation, according to the website of theusa.online.com (n.d.), created an economic division of the rich and the poor, which was widely resented by the people. It had created the wea lthy, middle class and the underprivileged class of society. Immigration caused the population of America to grow by more than double, from 40 million to 100 million from 1870 to 1970 (theusa.online.com, n.d.) This period also depicts different pictures of an era. The South was economically behind the North because of the war while the frontier life of the West ended. The South remained to be an agricultural area all throughout the period of industrialization. The farming

Student Development in Western Society Higher Education Research Paper

Student Development in Western Society Higher Education - Research Paper Example The model of service delivery is also an important issue in the student development which is also covered this paper. In the paper is also the analysis of elements of institutional policy that inhibits and those that contributes to student development. The paper also provides an analysis of legal, professional and ethical consideration related to student development in higher education.The paper concludes with the analysis of core competency of student development professionals and evaluation of their potential in the evaluation of their ability in driving student success. In the years back, there was the idea that the work of student personnel was not only on the student administration but an all-round development and education. This was the concerns of the official of higher education forty years ago. The only new thing about the late 70s and 60s student development movement was that the proactive program was to be introduced by the university staff. On the addition to the introduc tion of the proactive program, the intervention content and nature and the result could be specified by crafting than in conformance with the right theory of human development. The student development as explained in three different documents: student development service in higher education, Student development in tomorrow higher education and a student development model for student affair for tomorrow higher education.Today, there is a recent association composed of professionals that perceives human development as the professions commonly held core.